New definitions of natural and transformed mineral deposits, and their exploitation stages

For the first time in mining, on the basis of the system analysis, a new well-founded definition of a mineral deposit is given. A natural mineral deposit is a geological object on ground surface or in the subsoil, which contains genetically interrelated rocks and minerals of inorganic and organic origin, and of commercial quality and quantity. This definition is reflective of a factual place of mineral deposits in geology and in mining, has a clear physical sense and distinctly differentiates a mineral deposit from a mineral. As known, after complete extraction of a certain approved volume of a mineral, a deposit becomes free from the mineral it contained earlier, and, together with the manmade voids, remains in a certain deformed condition on ground surface or in the subsoil. Such mineral deposit is a transformed deposit. A transformed mineral deposit is a geological object on ground surface or in the subsoil, composed of different rocks, including deformed rocks, a mined-out space with a volume equal to the volume of extracted materials, and pillars. Physically, we develop minerals rather than mineral deposits. We exploit the latter. After a mineral is extracted, the transformed deposits continue serving the human needs and become a new category of georesources represented by the mined-out space. The new definitions of the natural and transformed mineral deposits, the structure of a mineral deposit exploitation system, and their theoretical analysis show that the principal purposeful activities in the subsoil use have two stages. The first stage is mineral mining, i.e. extraction of minerals and barren rocks from development and production openings. As a result, in the field of an open pit or a mine, the surface or underground manmade voids appear, which are the mined-out spaces of different shape and size. The second-stage is recycling of the mined-out space via creation of various-purpose civil or industrial objects in them.

Rakishev B. R. New definitions of natural and transformed mineral deposits, and their exploitation stages. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2023;(8):165-177. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2023_8_0_165.

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Republic of Kazakhstan within the framework of grant financing of scientific and technical programs under the number AP19676591 «Development of innovative technologies for the complete extraction of disparate conditioned ores from complex blocks of ledges» by the Non-profit Joint Stock Company «Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K.I. Satpayev».

B.R. Rakishev, academician of NAS RK, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, K.I. Satpaev Kazakh National Research Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, e-mail: b.rakishev@satbayev.universit, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5445-070X.

1. Bol'shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Pod red. A. M. Prokhorova. 3-e izd. T. 16 [Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Prokhorov A. M. (Ed.), 3rd edition, vol. 16], Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1976, p. 316.

2. Gornoe delo: terminologicheskiy slovar'. Pod red. K. N. Trubetskogo, D. R. Kaplunova. 5-e izd. [Mining: terminological dictionary, Trubetskoy K. N., Kaplunov D. R. (Eds.), 5th edition], Moscow, Izd-vo «Gornaya kniga», 2016, 635 p.

3. Bol'shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Pod red. A. M. Prokhorova. 3-e izd. T. 20 [Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Prokhorov A. M. (Ed.), 3rd edition, vol. 20], Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1975, p. 532.

4. Krivtsov A. I., Samonov I. Z., Filatov E. I. i dr. Spravochnik po poiskam i razvedke mestorozhdeniy tsvetnykh metallov [Reference book on prospecting and exploration of nonferrous metal deposits], Moscow, Nedra, 1985, 324 p.

5. Abdulin A. A., Bespaeva Kh. A., etc. Mestorozhdeniya medi Kazakhstana [Copper deposits of Kazakhstan], Almaty, 1997, pp. 153.

6. Rakishev B. R. Development of copper ores of the Bozshakol and Aktogay deposits of Kazakhstan. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2019, no. 1, pp. 89—93. [In Russ].

7. Rakishev B. R. Justification of systems of open cast development of useful fossils and their new classification. Bulletin of National Academy of Ыciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2020, no. 2, pp. 6—14.

8. Gornye nauki. Osvoenie i sokhranenie nedr Zemli. Pod red. K. N. Trubetskogo [Mining sciences. Development and conservation of the Earth's interior. Trubetskoy K. N. (Ed.)], Moscow, Izd-vo Akademii gornykh nauk, 1997, 478 p.

9. Rakishev B. R. On the key concepts of mineral development and their relationships. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2021, no. 10, pp. 84—89. [In Russ].

10. Trubetskoy K. N., Potapov M. G., Vinitskiy K. E., Mel'nikov N. N., etc. Otkrytye gornye raboty. Spravochnik [Open mining work. Handbook], Moscow, Gornoe byuro, 1994, 590 p.

11. Spravochnik po gornomu delu. Pod red. V. A. Grebenyuka, Ya. S. Pyzh'yanova, I. E. Erofeeva [Handbook of mining. Grebenyuk V. A., Pyzh'yanov Ya. S., Erofeev I. E. (Eds.)], Moscow, Nedra, 1983, 816 p.

12. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/21/c_138648590.htm.

13. http://factsite.ru/eden-project-cornwall-greenhouse.html.

14. Shelomentsev I. G., Slavikovskaya Yu. O. Classification of man-made voids with regard to resource potential utilization for ecological rehabilitation of mining areas. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2019, no. 12, pp. 127—140. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.25018/0236-1493-2019-12-0-127-140.

15. https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3094518/post456306884/.

16. Topical issues of rational use of natural resources. Litvinenko V. (Ed.). 2019. London, CRC Press. 478 p. DOI: 10.1201/9781003014638.

17. Agoshkov M. I. Development of ideas and practice of complex development of mineral resources. Gornyi Zhurnal. 1984, no. 3, pp. 3—6. [In Russ].

18. Trubetskoy K. N., Peshkov A. A., Matsko N. A. Determination of the scope of methods for the development of steeply dipping deposits using pre-formed mined-out space. Gornyi Zhurnal. 1994, no. 1, pp. 51—59. [In Russ].

19. Kaplunov D. R., Radchenko D. N. Mined-out spaces of subsoil: principles of multifunctional use in the full cycle of integrated development of solid mineral deposits. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2016, no. 5, pp. 28—32. [In Russ].

20. Umnov V. A. The use of underground mined-out space and the environment. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 1995, no. 3, pp. 88—92. [In Russ].

21. Lintukangas M., Siuhkonen A., Salomeki P., Selonen O. Use of the territories of waste quarries for the extraction of natural stone. Fiziko-tekhnicheskiye problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh. 2012, no. 1, pp. 142—151. [In Russ].

22. Kozlovsky A. A., Khomenko N. N. Use of the mined-out space of a quarry as a landfill for storing industrial waste. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2010, no. 9, pp. 285—288. [In Russ].

23. Galchenko Yu. P. Scientific support for the technology of using the worked-out space of chambers for the placement of solid wastes of various dispersions. The engineering physics. 2021, no. 8, pp. 44—48. [In Russ].

24. Rybnikova L. S., Rybnikov P. A., Tarasova I. V. Geoecological problems of the use of mined-out quarry spaces in the Urals. Fiziko-tekhnicheskiye problemy razrabotki poleznykh iskopaemykh. 2017, no. 1, pp. 170—181. [In Russ]. https://sibran.ru/journals/issue.php?ID=170014 &ARTICLE_ID=170040