Justification of the values of shifting angles in the conditions of mining the reserves of the Verkhnekamskoe deposit of potassium-magnesium salts. Part 2. Determination of shift angles under conditions of complete undermining of the earth's surface based on an empirical approach. Comparative comparison of the obtained results. Shift angles under incomplete undermining

Authors: Shchegolkov Y S

In addition to the first part of this study (MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2026;(2-1):
61–84), an empirical approach to calculating the displacement angles during complete undermining of the earth's surface under the conditions of the Verkhnekamskoye potassium-magnesium salt deposit (VPMSD) is considered. An empirical model is established that allows the calculation of the displacement angle at a given point in time. When comparing the resulting systems of equations with currently used fixed values of boundary angles, as well as with the previously used method for determining the displacement angle proposed by M.P. Nesterov, the empirical dependence was selected as the most acceptable and convenient for practical use. For conditions of incomplete undermining of the earth's surface, due to the small number of observation stations suitable for analysis, a combined dependence is proposed, which is based on the empirical accounting of vertical deformations and the theoretical-empirical accounting of horizontal deformation. The obtained results of the study can be useful for improving the regulatory framework for the topic under consideration, as well as in engineering calculations related to determining the required sizes of safety pillars for objects on the earth's surface and with assessing the safety of buildings and structures located in the immediate vicinity of the boundaries of mining operations under the VPMSD conditions.

Keywords: displacement, angles of displacement, subsidence, displacement trough, Verkhnekamskoye potassium-magnesium salt deposit, safety pillars, safety of undermining objects, deformations of the earth's surface.
For citation:

Shchegolkov Y. S. Justification of the values of shifting angles in the conditions of mining the reserves of the Verkhnekamskoe deposit of potassium-magnesium salts. Part 2. Determination of shift angles under conditions of complete undermining of the earth's surface based on an empirical approach. Comparative comparison of the obtained results. Shift angles under incomplete undermining. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2026;(5):155-172. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2026_5_0_155.

Acknowledgements:
Issue number: 5
Year: 2026
Page number: 155-172
ISBN: 0236-1493
UDK: 622.363 + 622.834
DOI: 10.25018/0236_1493_2026_5_0_155
Article receipt date: 18.12.2025
Date of review receipt: 16.02.2026
Date of the editorial board′s decision on the article′s publishing: 10.04.2026
About authors:

Yu.S. Shchegolkov, Chief Specialist, PJSC «Uralkali», 618426, Berezniki, Russia, e-mail: rabota.shegolkov@mail.ru.

For contacts:
Bibliography:

1. Shchegolkov Yu. S. Substantiating the criteria for the main angular parameters of the displacement process under the conditions of mining reserves at the Verkhnekamsk potassium-magnesium salt deposit. Mine Surveying and Subsurface Use. 2024, no. 3, pp. 42—54. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.56195/20793332_2024_3_42_54.

2. Medyantsev A. N. Sdvizhenie gornykh porod i zemnoy poverkhnosti pod vliyaniem gornykh vyrabotok [Shifting of rocks and the earth's surface under the influence of mine workings], Novocherkassk, 1976, 84 p.

3. Posyl'nyy Yu. V., Vyal'tsev A. V., Popov V. V., Yagodkin F. I. Application of the gaussian function  to approximation of the Earth’s surface  subsidence curves. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2017, no. 8, pp. 187—194. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.25018/0236-1493-2017-8-0-187-194.

4. Kulibaba S. B., Fedorov E. V. Mathematical description of typical subsidence curves in a semi-trough of displacement. Problemy i perspektivy kompleksnogo osvoeniya i sokhraneniya zemnykh nedr: Materialy 6 konferentsii Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy shkoly akademika RAN K.N. Trubetskogo, posvyashchennaya 300-letiyu Rossiyskoy akademii nauk [Problems and prospects of integrated development and conservation of the earth's interior: Proceedings of the 6th conference of the International scientific school of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.N. Trubetskoy, dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences], Moscow, 2024, pp. 42—45. [In Russ].

5. Shchegolkov Yu. S. Determination of boundary angles of the ground surface displacement process during mining of reserves at the Verkhnekamsk potassium-magnesium salt deposit. Mine Surveying and Subsurface Use. 2024, no. 6, pp. 25—32. [In Russ]. DOI: 10.56195/20793332_2024_6_25_32.

6. Nesterov M. P. Method for determining ground surface displacement angles for a given period during potash deposit mining. Mekhanika gornykh porod pri razrabotke mestorozhdeniy prirodnykh soley: trudy VNIIG. Vyp. 67 [Mechanics of rocks during the development of natural salt deposits.Proceedings of VNIIG, vol. 67], Leningrad, 1974, pp. 69—74. [In Russ].

7. Nesterov M. P., Lvova A. V., Anikin N. F. Main features of the patterns of ground surface deformations at potash mines. Stroitel'nye konstruktsii: sbornik nauchnykh trudov NIISK. Vyp. 23 [Building structures. Collection of scientific papers of NIISK, vol. 23], Kiev, 1974. [In Russ].

8. Nesterov M. P., Anikin N. F. Basic patterns of ground surface deformation at the Verkhnekamsk potash deposit and methods for its prediction. Mekhanika gornykh porod pri razrabotke mestorozhdeniy prirodnykh soley: trudy VNIIG. Vyp. 67 [Mechanics of rocks during the development of natural salt deposits. Proceedings of VNIIG, vol. 67], Leningrad, 1974, pp. 3—21. [In Russ].

9. Anikin N. F., Lvova A. V., Beshentseva E. F. Features of the formation of the marginal parts of subsidence troughs under the conditions of the Verkhnekamsk deposit. Kontrol', prognozirovanie i upravlenie sostoyaniem porod v kaliynykh rudnikakh: sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Monitoring, forecasting and management of rock conditions in potash mines. Collection of scientific papers], Leningrad, 1985, pp. 152—160. [In Russ].

10. Kuznetsov M. A., Akimov L. G., Kuz'min V. I., Panteleev M. G., Chernyshev M. F. Sdvizhenie gornykh porod na rudnykh mestorozhdeniyakh [Rock movement at ore deposits], Moscow, Nedra, 1971, 224 p.

11. Kazakovskiy D. A. Sdvizhenie zemnoy poverkhnosti pod vliyaniem gornykh razrabotok [Movement of the earth's surface under the influence of mining], Moscow-Kharkov, 1953, 228 p.

12. Bukrinskiy V. A., Orlov G. V. Sdvizhenie gornykh porod i zemnoy poverkhnosti pri podzemnykh razrabotkakh [Rock and ground surface movement during underground mining], Moscow, Nedra, 1984, 247 p.

13. Viktorov S. D., Goncharov S. A., Iofis M. A., Zakalinskiy V. M. Mekhanika sdvizheniya i razrusheniya gornykh porod [Mechanics of rock displacement and fracture], Moscow, 2019, 360 p.

14. Posyl'niy Yu. V. Geometriya mul'dy sdvizheniya zemnoy poverkhnosti nad gornymi vyrabotkami ugol'nykh shakht [Geometry of the subsidence trough of the earth's surface above mine workings of coal mines], Novocherkassk, 2012, 216 p.

15. Kratch G. Sdvizhenie gornykh porod i zashchita podrabatyvaemykh sooruzheniy [Rock movement and protection of undermined structures], Moscow, Nedra, 1978, 496 p.

16. Borisov A. A. Mekhanika gornykh porod i massivov [Mechanics of rocks and rock masses], Moscow, Nedra, 1980, 360 p.

17. Litvinskii G. G. On the theory of displacement of undermined rock mass. Knowledge-intensive technologies and equipment in industry and building. 2024, no. 5(79), pp. 5—20. [In Russ].

18. Jahanmiri S., Noorian-Bidgoli M. Land subsidence prediction in coal mining using machine learning models and optimization techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2024, vol. 31, no. 22, pp. 31942—31966. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33300-2.

19. Zhang L. Surface subsidence monitoring of mining areas in hunan province based on Sentinel-1A and DS-InSAR. Sensors (Basel). 2023, vol. 23, no. 19, article 8146. DOI: 10.3390/s23198146.

20. Cao Jian, Huang Qingxiang, Guo Lingfei Subsidence prediction of overburden strata and ground surface in shallow coal seam mining. Scientific Reports. 2021, vol. 11, article 18972. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98520-9. 

Подписка на рассылку

Подпишитесь на рассылку, чтобы получать важную информацию для авторов и рецензентов.